Management problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management problem - Essay Example Therefore, preparing a good business proposal and business plan is a requisite of any business that wishes to be successful. While a business proposal should contain the specific goals that the project seeks to meet, explaining in details the technical aspects and activities to be undertaken to accomplish the project and indicating the expected results (Mullins, 2002 p305), a business plan serves as a road map to the business (George and Jones, 2002 p26). A business plan helps the owners of a business to confirm the business idea, making it possible for the owners of a business to set clear business objectives and allow the business stakeholders, partners, sponsors and financiers to make a decision regarding whether and how to work with the company (Brown, 1995 p20). Thus it is necessary for any business seeking to succeed to formulate a business proposal and a business plan. This two documents act as a tool for a business to negotiate with the potential suppliers, distributors, part ners, shareholders and clients on the necessities that the business requires to succeed. In our case, the organization lacks a well formulated business plan, while its business proposal is just a ten page document of idea. There is a need to address these issues, if the housing development project for the organization is to succeed. As a consultant, in response to the lack of a well formulated business plan, the advice to the business is that a business plan is requisite for the organization to successfully achieve its housing development project. Considering that the organization experiences a problem of undertaking its housing development project due to a lack of funding available to sustain the development, then, a business plan is the required tool for use in negotiating for funding of the project by financiers. There are various reasons as to why the business entity requires having a well formulated business plan. Possession of a well formulated business plan serves to indicate to the potential financiers that the business has a mission and an objective that it seeks to meet, and that it is serious in its desire to meet this. The plan serves to indicate to the potential investors the nature of the management team that the business has and how it is committed to achieving its set goals and objectives (Camal, 2003 p52). The plan also serves to indicate to the potential investors and financiers that the business understands the needs of its customers and that is committed and dedicated to meet these needs in the best way possible, to the satisfaction of the customer. The plan also serves to show the investor and financiers that the business is well positioned to deal with the products and services the organization seeks to offer and it understands them well (Mullins, 2002 p321). It is still an advantage of the organization to have a well formulated business plan, since it shows the investors how the organization seeks to market its products and how it is equ ipped to overcome market risks, challenges and competition. A proposal on the other hand is required so as to communicate the business prospects of the organization to its stakeholders. This goes a long way to ensure that the business has secured the support of all its stakeholders in undertaking the project in question. In this case therefore, the organization should modify the ten page document comprising of business ideas into a well formulated housing development proposal for the organization. This way, the organization is able to negotiate for support from all its stakeholders, who include the shareholders, the employees and the potential investors. It serves to show that the project is important for the organization to undertake (Carnwell and Buchanan, 2005 p19). The proposal should

The Several Factors Which Are Behind The Cultural Penetration Cultural Studies Essay

The Several Factors Which Are Behind The Cultural Penetration Cultural Studies Essay This research paper explains the several factors which are behind the cultural penetration of west in Pakistani Elite society. It discusses how culture has become a bond that ties and differentiates the people of various society, region and community together. The research will give awareness to the people of our society about conserving Pakistani culture; about how it plays an important role in making them united and unified. It also identifies the different segments which are behind the increased globalization that has penetrated the western culture in Pakistani society, especially through media, lifestyle, language and family systems. KEYWORDS: Culture, Globalization. THE CULTURAL INCURSION OF WEST IN PAKISTANI ELITE SOCIETY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The term culture has been used by various philosophers since decades. Raymond Williams claim it to be the most difficult word in English language The word culture has different meanings to evaluate human activity (Williams et al., 1976). Culture means to cultivate (Harper, 2008). Findley and Rothney describes it as, systems of symbols and meanings that even its creator contest, it lacks fix boundaries that are completely in flux and they interact and compete with one another (Findley and Rothney et al., 2006). All these authors describe it of being system of symbols that have blur boundaries. The bottom line is that how do we recognize them as those symbols? The answer to this is provided by Williams who say they culture is what is embedded in music, scriptures, literature, lifestyle, painting, theatres and other related things (Williams et al., 1976). These symbols are somehow alike in all the cultures. Due to rapid globalization and interaction of the past, these dimensions influen ce one culture or the other. This study will discuss the impact of western culture on Pakistani culture. Cultural penetration is the incorporation of other culture and language into ones own. Cultural penetration can take the form of general attitude as well. In this study, the focus is on the Western culture penetrating inside Pakistani Culture. Western cultures have been influencing other cultures worldwide. This is so because people equate Westernization (adoption of Western customs) with Modernization (adoption of scientific development). Westernization can be defined as a process whereby societies adopt the western culture in matters of trade, machinery, political affairs, finances, law, standard of living, diet, language, belief or morals. Westernization had an enveloping and fast influence across Pakistan in the last few centuries. This ever increasing era of globalization has increased the power of western culture in Pakistan, amongst the rich especially because of their easy contact with the western foodstuffs, media and other products. Many western food chains can be seen in the major cities of Pakistan. Western dress has become a symbol of status and honor among the youth and the business industry. Families no more share the family time together they use to in the past; rather they are more cautious about their privacy. Obsession with English is the major issue. People who read and write English very well can hardly understand Urdu. Even those who cannot speak English, try doing so as to look stylish. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The study identifies the factors behind the cultural penetration of West in Pakistani Elite society. It has been observed that people of Pakistani society feel pride in exercising westernized culture and tradition. They are being deviated from their own cultural norms and are adopting a more westernized approach. The main role played in increasing such behavior is because of the media, which is spreading the norms of the west. Pakistani societys lifestyles, family relations, dressing, education has changed drastically and is not what it used to be some years back. 1.3 Purpose of the Problem The study targets the characteristics which plays a significant role on the influence of western culture into Pakistani culture. 1.4 Research Question What are the main factors behind cultural penetration of west which are influencing Pakistani Elite society? 1.5 Justification of the problem The study can give awareness to the people of our society about conserving Pakistani culture; about how it plays an important role in making them united and unified. It can help people to understand the urgency to preserve Pakistani culture by providing a documented form of material that highlights the good and bad effects of adopting western culture. Fundamentally, culture makes use of artifacts and rituals to pass on notions of identity, which is observed to be missing in the Elite class of our Pakistani society. 1.6 Scope and Limitations Due to limited time span and shortage of research tools available the research was conducted only by the help of BBA and BSSS first and second year students who targeted the questionnaires on the elite class of Karachi. Chapter 2 Literature Review Culture is the awareness of traditions, ethics and way of life of a group of people. It is represented through various customs and traditions, arts, literature and costumes. Culture exists in different forms in different parts of the world. The surroundings greatly influence the lifestyle of people in that region, indirectly shaping cultures. (Manali Oak, Nov 15 2008). In Oaks et al., (2008) article she states that culture is the one common link that connects people of different religions or communities together. The traditions a group of people follow, the events they celebrate, their attire, food and above all the cultural beliefs they share, bring them together. Cultures are affected by people who accept its change and who resist them too. All these cultural ideas and beliefs for a matter of fact can change. Communal argument and the developing technologies give rise to changes within a society by altering social dynamics and advancing new cultural models or giving way to them. These social shifts are accompanied by ideological models and other cultural variations, for instance, people observing western cultures through media and then exercising them in their lives. Most prominently, western influence is observed to be seen in the Pakistani elite society. Their complete lifestyle and mentality is of the west and they, in no manner represent to be Pakistani. It can be seen clearly that how Pakistani elite class is discouraging their own culture to adopt modernization. (Dr Manzur Ejaz). The influence of west on the elite is basically being transferred through media. Media is playing a very vital role in portraying western culture, which is seemingly very attractive. Media is an agent of socio-political, cultural and economic change in our age and can strengthen or destabilize a society. The elite families of Pakistan can afford to live such a life which is full of westernized culture. They are moving away from their own culture (Muhammad Abbas, 2003). Muhammad Abbas et al., (2003) stated that its high time to fortify our socio-cultural practices. Our values are being invaded by the west through Cable TV. Media should lay their role in constructing faith and pride in our wonderful past, our values and the way of living. We have glorious norms and social strata which ought to be preserve, strengthen and encouraged. He emphasized on the fact that media can remove the negativity from Pakistani elite class because they are in transition. Their lifestyle is changing becau se of media and education and this particular change needs to smooth the progress in a positive manner. The elite families in Pakistan live a life closely similar to western families. for example the concept of family is different in west as compared to other Asian countries. Most western families consist of parents with average of 1-3 children. It is very common that parents are employed full time and are at work while their children are at school or daycare facility. Same is the case with Pakistani society. The children are now use to of living alone and independently without their parents at home. S, Venier (2004) stated that the American culture moves through every communicating medium. English as an international language for trade and politics is the strong tool for transmission of western culture. As English makes it way becoming a global language, it also becomes clear that although the forces driving the language and culture differ greatly but the two cannot be separated. Journalist S.M Hussain states that due to the increasing globalization; it is difficult to predict the impact of western culture on eastern cultures lifestyle in the future. Due to all of this Pakistanis have opened themselves up. Scholars in Pakistan admit in Daily Times Monitor (2008) that the extreme westernization has swept Pakistani culture. The extended family system, a feature of Pakistani cultural society has died away, especially amongst the elite classes who are exposed to American culture and now care more about their privacy. The young generation now seldom cares about their elders. Meal choices changed from Rice and Chapatti to KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Huts. Traditional drinks have switched to Coke and Pepsi. They feel pride in speaking English than Urdu. Dr. Ahmed Rashid Malik (2009) states that perhaps it is some colonial chip we are carrying on our shoulders, which focuses on us to acknowledge the western culture as cool and hip. Perhaps, we are still so much in awe of the white men that we cannot even see their faults and our own virtues. It is not as if it is just one area of the city that is affected by this, day by day it is seen that the entire place divided into little elite clutches of people is affected by this westernization. The influenced drive the latest cars, chatter away on their latest cell phones and wear designer Italian clothes, no matter if they do not even know how to pronounce their names properly. Hence we are a race of people with a culture that spans generations of grandeur, yet we want to throw that all away for just a small place in our minds that resides as pro-western elite. (Hussain, S.M) CHAPTER 3 3.1 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS This study describes the important factors which are playing a significant role in bringing change to the mentality and lifestyle of the Pakistani elite society. 75 questionnaires were filled and analysis was concluded. The sample size was of 75 persons, out of which 34 were female, representing 45.3% and 41 male who are 54.7% of the total population. The age is dispersed from 18 to 62. Majority of respondents lie in the age group of 20 to 26. Respondents agreed that media is playing an important role in bringing western approaches. They justified that family relation is the segment of life which is affected the most by western culture. It has been proved that western incursion does exist in the Pakistani elite society. People of elite society are in many forms and segments of life adopting western ideology. There is a crisis of self identity prevailing within the people. It is revealed by the research that educational sector is the least affected segment of life by the western cultural penetration. The greatest change brought about by the western incursion is on the lifestyle of the elite Pakistani people. It is exposed after the research that family values are at stake because of the cultural penetration. Individual ambitions and benefits are more prioritized over mutual goals. Urdu being the national language is undermined and English is given more encouragement officially and unofficially. American lifestyle is commonly believed to be the most fascinating and appealing lifestyle, which is taken as most trendy and popular. 3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SOLUTIONS As it is revealed to us that western cultural penetration exists in our society, there lie some responsibilities for us to undertake. Since it has rooted underneath the surfaces so immensely, it will not be easy to remove it from the society in a short span of time, for it requires much of hard work and struggle from everyone. Firstly, it is the job of the parents of our society to give correct guidance from the very beginning to their children so that they learn to appreciate their own culture. It is very important to differentiate between the cultures and to accept what is ours and like it from within. Secondly, all the educational institutions must also encourage their students to celebrate the national and traditional customs and festivals, rather than celebrating foreign ones. These institutions should also try to preserve the true value of Urdu as our national language. They must struggle to maintain the level of Urdu in the eyes of the students and to make them understand that it is good to speak English but Urdu must never be forgotten. Thirdly, the responsibility lies in the hands of each individual. Every one of us should encourage and appreciate our own Pakistani culture and should feel pride in doing so. We all should try to make people the importance of being under the label of ones own culture and country. As media is approached by everyone, it plays a very important role in portraying our culture. It should promote and preserve Pakistani culture in all the ways possible. Media should discourage the portrayal of those programs which in any way harms our culture. When lifestyle is considered, it is good to be advanced and technologically developed but we do not need to adopt those segments of lifestyle which deviate us from our culture and religion. Because one can only look best in exercising own culture and lifestyle. To cope up with the identity crisis, it is important to make the victims understand that following others just for the sake of fashion is no good to anyone. One should always be confident about his/her own talent and abilities and never under estimate oneself. 3.3 CONCLUSION It has been observed that the elite society in Pakistan are opposing their own culture and are more interested to follow western culture in their daily life. This can be called upon as western cultural penetration, which is slowly eroding Pakistani culture unnoticeably. This is referred as a problem because in the cycle of the society the new traditions are set from the upper social class and then followed by the lower social classes. Therefore it is very necessary that the elite class should be very conscious towards this social issue and takes care of what they think as culturally acceptable tradition.

Self Discovery in Huckleberry Finn and Catcher in the Rye :: comparison compare contrast essays

Self Discovery in Huckleberry Finn and Catcher in the Rye    Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield make take journey into self-discovery. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn is trying to find purpose and identity through conflicting of morals. While Holden Caulfield in Catcher in the Rye, is an adolescent struggling to find mature into manhood. In comparison, they are both on a journey towards maturity and identity. Life itself is a journey full of bonding and experiences which lead to wisdom and understanding. Without maturity one may never have these essential experiences. This leads to an empty shell of a person, never truly feeling passion, love or peace.    Huck Finn is a young boy deciding which morals to hold true. The quest for what's right is long and confusing. During his adventure is forced to choose between his morals and his conscience. When Huck runs into the bounty hunters he is forced to make one of these decisions. He must choose whether to turn his run-away slave friend Jim as his conscience advises or to trust his morals and protect his friend in need. Fortunately, his will is strong and he creates an elaborate lie to prevent Jim's capture. Huck seeks refuge in nature, where right and wrong don't exist and life's beauty is what is truly important. He mentions that nature is peaceful and he need not worry about either his morality or conscience but is allowed to ponder these personal discrepancies.    Holden Caulfield, however, has a much more complex yet equally important struggle. His struggle is of his own hypocrisy and misunderstanding. This struggle can be overwhelming for some and it is for Holden who requires help to come to terms with maturity. Even though he is constantly speaks as if he is experienced in connection and bonding, they were always just faà ¿ ades. Holden thinks he is superior to his environment because he has a false knowledge of it and it's workings. This is best explained by his reaction his old friend June whom he would like to have a meaningful relationship with but cant come to grips on how. Inspite of all he thinks he knows he is really only the faker he despises. Both Huck and Holden must complete their own journey's to become complete individuals.

Analysis of “The Doctor in the House” by R.Gordon

The text under analysis is an extract from the book â€Å"Doctor in the house† written by a famous English-speaking writer Richard Gordon by name, who was born in 1921 .Richard Gordon is the pen name used by Gordon Ostlere, an English surgeon and anaesthetist.Richard Gordon has written numerous novels, screenplays for film and television and accounts of popular history, mostly dealing with the practice of medicine. He is most famous for a long series of comic novels on a medical theme starting with Doctor in the House. Gordon worked as anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital and later as a ship's surgeon and as assistant editor of the British Medical Journal.In 1952, he left medical practice and took up writing full time. The text is devoted to the final examinations at the medical institutions and tells us about the condition of students before, during and after exams. This extract is constructed around the single theme -the procedure of the exams. Therefore, the theme of the text is examination time.The author uses numerous thematic words, such as: the student, the final examinations, the exams, to prepare, the examiners, cheating, textbooks, to swot up, the written papers, uniformed, examinees, knowledge, tripos, viva, marking, grading, to pass and so on.Besides the basic theme the text touches upon many very important secondary themes: the psychological types of students, cheating at the exams, students’ prejudice, disadvantage of women student at the exams, the psychological pressure of the process of the examination on the students.The main idea conveyed by the author may be expressed as: the examination is like a lottery(much depends upon luck). The plot structure is closed, because it contains all the components. From the exposition we learn general information about students’ attitude to the final examinations and the way of preparation for this important event, the condition of students before, during and after exams.It begins with the comparison the final exams with death; this image presents the students’ attitude to the event. The author  gives the description of preparation for the examinations. â€Å"To a medical student the final examinations are something like death: an unpleasant inevitability to be faced sooner or later†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The exposition ends with  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦ and ran a final breathless sprint down the well-trodden paths of medicine.†The main character is medical student R. Gordon.( and the students themselves). Author tells us about him nothing, because he wants to say that Gordon is an ordinary student. Author uses indirect method of characterization, and we can learn something of him only through his feelings. And we see the exams through his own eyes. The story is told from first person narration. The place is a medical universityThe time is the examination timeThe atmosphere is tense and excitingThe story contains 2 logical parts . The narrator depicts the pro cedure of the exams which consists of two parts: written papers, after which one of the students gives a very specific theory of the way the tripos is marking at Cambridge; and the viva – the oral examination, before which he characterizes different types of candidates’ behavior anticipating it. The complication of the narration is showing the process of exam, candidates’ excitement and suspense of the results.This part of the text stretches from â€Å"The examination began with the written papers† to â€Å"†Number three oh six?† the Secretary whispered, without looking up from the book. â€Å"R. Gordon?† â€Å"Yes† I croaked.† The tension reaches its highest degree when poor Gordon almost believe in his fail. And the climax, when the Author describes how the Secretary of the Committee calls out Gordon’s name, because in that moment we become interested in his results, do he pass or fail.â€Å"The world stood still . The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky. â€Å"Pass,† he muttered.† The author deliberately postpones the denouement keeping the reader in pressing anticipation. It comes in the last paragraph, after the moment when he heard the magic word â€Å"Pass†. It was a kind of liberation and the ending of suffering . â€Å"Blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack, I stumbled upstairs.†This text is narration with elements of dialogues. The style of written prose is formal. The story deals with describing process of exams, difficulties provided by them and students feelings and thoughts before and after examination. The author tries to convey hard emotional state of the medical students in his novel. He manages to do it with the abundant use of stylistic devices.Similes: â€Å" To a medical student the final examinations are something lik e death† â€Å"I was shown to a tiny waiting-room furnished with hard chairs, a wooden table, and windows that wouldn't open, like the condemned cell.† â€Å"The days after the viva were black ones. It was like having a severe accident.† â€Å"The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexploded bomb.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"he goes at them like a prize-fighter†, â€Å"porters like the policemen†, â€Å"the god’s brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm† â€Å"my palms were as wet as sponges†, â€Å"blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack†.The author brilliantly uses the allusion referring to the Bible’s Judgment day. We discover that final exams are death and the Secretary as an archangel corresponds where they would go to the paradise or to hell. â€Å"The candidate would step up closely to the Secretary, who would say simply â€Å"Pass† or â€Å"Failed†. Succ essful men would go upstairs to receive the congratulations and handshakes of the examiners and failures would slink miserably out of the exit to seek the opiate oblivion.†Metaphor: ‘a straight contest ’ â€Å"an examination is nothing more than an investigation† â€Å"the Old Stager, who treated the whole thing with the familiarity of a photographer at a wedding† â€Å"the well-trodden paths†.Some hyperboles create a great chasm between students and examiners:† But the viva is judgement day. A false answer, and the god's brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm.† The other ones reflect the influence of candidate’s fears on theirs health and perception of the world: â€Å"But the viva is judgement day. A false answer, and the god's brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm.†The following short parallels constructions help to reflect the tense during anticipation of the narrator’s result: â€Å"The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, thesun halted in the sky.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whether these people were so brilliant they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half or whether this was the time required for them to set down unhurriedly their entire knowledge of medicine was never apparent from the nonchalant air with which they left the room.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky.†Irony: â€Å"Whether these people were so brilliant they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half or whether this was the time required for them to set down unhurriedly their entire knowledge of medicine was never apparent from the nonchalant air with which they left the room.†Inversion:â€Å" To a medical student the final examinations are something like death† â€Å"In the square outside the first person I recognized was Grimsdyke.† â€Å"Next to him, a man of the Frankly Worried class sat on the edge of his chair tearing little bits off his invitation card and jumping irritatingly every time the door opened. â€Å" â€Å" Blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack, I stumbled upstairs.† Epithet:impressionable music despondently ticked flagrant cheating looked dispassionately down anonymous examinees tiny waiting room came solemnly down the stairs restless crowdOxymoron: â€Å"There is rarely any frank cheating in medical examinations† â€Å"to give the examiners the impression of frustrated brilliance.† â€Å"Some of them strode up for an extra answer book, with an awkward expression of self-consciousness and superiority in their faces.† Repetition:â€Å"Number one hundred and sixty-one,† he began. â€Å"Number three hundred and two. Number three hundred and six.† Grimsdyke punched me hard in the ribs, â€Å"Go on,† he hissed. â€Å"It's you!†Idioms: to keep an eye open for terrible displeasureMetonymy: â€Å"The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexplodedbomb.†Emotionally coloured verbs: Gaze,hiss,croak,stumbleGradation: â€Å"The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky.†This story is rather interesting and attracts the reader’s attention. It makes us to experience the psychological state of the students .

Essay – Bridging Brands and Borders: Trends and Tactics to Connect Global Brands with Asian Consumers

Bridging brands and borders: Trends and tactics to connect global brands with Asian consumers This article briefly states the idea of brand internationalization. Whether brands should localize themselves based on the tastes of the market or they should keep their identity intact. The author, Craig Briggs states that certain risk is involved when a global company tries and changes too much as per the local tastes.The articles also stresses on instances from the past on Global companies like Starbucks having a successful stint with the globalization, by modifying certain aspects of the product offered to match the consumer demands, but keeping the ethos of the company intact. Then the article moves in to focus on the aspects of customization and how they appear in four key areas, Functional Customization, Delivery Customization, Format Customization, and Perpetual Customization Facts the author uses for supporting the theory of customization: . Functional Customization: Frito lay chang ed the flavor of the chips to better cater to the taste preferences of the Chinese customer. Developing newer tastes the company has been successful brand, keeping the DNA of the brand intact. b. Delivery Customization: The author appropriately uses the facts about McDonalds and IKEA while stating the area of delivery customization. McDonalds has implemented home delivery options in India and China to make the consumer confortable in using the product from the home.IKEA ran the stores in Japan concentrating on the way Japanese homes are and also started a conveyance service between the major metro stations. This gave the consumer the opportunity to connect to the store more. c. Format Customization: The author appropriately supports the theory with instances about Coca Cola producing the smaller bottles to compete with the local competitor. d. Perpetual Customization: Godiva creating a luxury brand in China is a way in which the author provides information how customization is done in this area. This article provides strategies and tactics of brand adaptation for a global company.As mentioned in the book, branding is key to the success of the company. From the book, we could see how companies customize their products such as McDonalds customizing the burgers for the Indian market. Brand adaptation is crucial for a company otherwise the globalization process can slow down. This article strengthens the concept in the book about how decisions on globalization of the products can affect the brand image of the organization. The investments a company makes in customization of the company will increase the brand equity of the company.I could relate this article to the chapter in the book Branding and Product Decisions on Global Marketing as I see customization as a strategy to brand creation for a company going global. The author gives examples of the brand customization based on just four areas in countries like China and Japan. The author never mentions anything ab out whether these areas of customization can be applicable to Asia markets as a whole. I would have liked to know through the article about instances where these customizations have worked in the Middle East and the southeastern parts of Asia.Other than this I find the article provides a clear picture about the customization process and how it had worked in Asian Markets. The new concepts I learnt from the article is customization areas when the company is planning on creating a global brand or starting an operation in a new location, it has to look into the areas of customizations to match the demands of the location. The explanation of key areas of customization is the article is precise. My interpretation of the key areas of the customization is: Functional Customization: When a company changes the product to cater to the consumer’s tastes and preferences.E. g. can be McDonalds changed to include veggie burgers to match the taste of Indian consumers. Functional Customizati on allows the company to tweak the product, keeping the basis of the product intact. This goes well with the company’s modus operandi. Delivery Customization: Markets in Asia are used to home delivery concept. Global company’s implementing changes in their business model to implement delivery mechanism to satisfy the consumer needs is a exact example of delivery customization.Delivery customization is all about creating convenience through its key value proposition. Format Customization: This is an area of customization where the company creates a smaller version of the product to compete with the local competition. Companies, which enter a local market sometimes, are faced with local competitors who have a strong foothold in the market. To tackle this competition companies like Coca Cola came up with the smaller bottle that costs less and still keeps the brand of the company intact.Perpetual Customization: Perpetual Customization is when a company creates a sub brand for the luxury brand to cater to the niche consumer segment. This is an interesting article on the various aspects of customization and really puts into perspective the areas, which a company can look into while entering a market in ASIA. References: http://web. ebscohost. com/mobsmart/citations/citation? vid=4&hid=14&sid=bac33097-2f2f-40f7-b099-9c30003d24c0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPSZzaXRlPW1vYnNtYXJ0LWxpdmU%3d#db=bth&AN=82945873

How to Write and Format an MBA Essay

How to Write and Format an MBA Essay What Is an MBA Essay? The term MBA essay is often used interchangeably with MBA application essay or MBA admissions essay. This type of essay is submitted as part of the MBA admissions process and is usually used to provide support for other application components like transcripts, recommendation letters, standardized test scores, and resumes. Why You Need to Write an Essay Admissions committees sort through a lot of applications in each round of the admissions process. Unfortunately, there are only so many places that can be filled in a single MBA class so a vast majority of the candidates who apply will be turned away. This is especially true of top MBA programs that receive thousands of applicants each school year. Many of the applicants who apply to business school are qualified MBA candidates- they have the grades, the test scores, and the work experience needed to contribute to and succeed in an MBA program. Admissions committees need something beyond a GPA or test scores to differentiate applicants and determine who is a good fit for the program and who is not. This is where the MBA essay comes into play. Your MBA essay tells the admissions committee who you are and helps to set you apart from other applicants. Why You Dont Need to Write an Essay Not every business school requires an MBA essay as part of the admissions process. For some schools, the essay is optional or not required at all. If the business school does not request an essay, then you don’t need to write one. If the business school says the essay is optional, then you should DEFINITELY write one. Dont let the opportunity to differentiate yourself from other applicants pass you by. MBA Essay Length Some business schools put strict requirements on the length of MBA application essays. For example, they may ask applicants to write a one-page essay, a two-page essay, or a 1,000-word essay. If there is a desired word count for your essay, it is very important to adhere to it. If you are supposed to write a one-page essay, dont turn in a two-page essay or an essay that is only a half-page long. Follow instructions. If there is not a stated word count or page count requirement, you have a little more flexibility when it comes to length, but you should still limit the length of your essay. Short essays are typically better than a long essay. Aim for a short, five-paragraph essay. If you cant say everything you want to say in a short essay, you should at least stay below three pages. Remember, admissions committees read thousands of essays - they dont have time to read memoirs. A short essay demonstrates that you can express yourself clearly and concisely. Basic Formatting Tips There are some basic formatting tips that you should follow for every MBA essay. For example, it is important to set the margins so that you have some white space around the text. A one-inch margin on each side and on the top and bottom is typically good practice. Using a font that is easy to read is also important. Obviously, a silly font like Comic Sans should be avoided. Fonts like Times New Roman or Georgia are typically easy to read, but some of the letters so have funny tails and embellishments that are unnecessary. A no-frills font like Arial or Calibri is usually your best option. Formatting a Five Paragraph Essay Many essays - whether they are application essays or not - utilize a five-paragraph format. This means that the content of the essay is split into five separate paragraphs: One introductory paragraphThree body paragraphsOne concluding paragraph   Each paragraph should be about three to seven sentences long. If possible try to create a uniform size for the paragraphs. For example, you dont want to start with a three-sentence introductory paragraph and then follow up with an eight-sentence paragraph, a two sentence paragraph and then a four-sentence paragraph. It is also important to use strong transition words that help the reader move from sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph. Cohesion is key if you want to write a strong, clear essay. The introductory paragraph should start with a hook - something that captures the readers interest. Think about the books you like to read. How do they start? What grabbed you on the first page? Your essay isnt fiction, but the same principle applies here. Your introductory paragraph should also feature some sort of thesis statement, so the topic of your essay is clear. The body paragraphs should contain details, facts, and evidence that support the theme or thesis statement introduced in the first paragraph. These paragraphs are important because they make up the meat of your essay. Dont skimp on information but be judicious - make every sentence, and even every word, count. If you write something that doesnt support that main theme or point of your essay, take it out.   The concluding paragraph of your MBA essay should be just that - a conclusion. Wrap up what you are saying and reiterate your main points. Do not present new evidence or points in this section.   Printing and Emailing Your Essay If you are printing out your essay and submitting it as part of a paper-based application, you should print the essay out on plain white paper. Do not use colored paper, patterned paper, etc. You should also avoid colored ink, glitter, or any other embellishments designed to make your essay stand out.   If you are emailing your essay, follow all of the instructions. If the business school requested it to be emailed with other application components, you should do that. Do not email the essay separately unless you are instructed to do so - it could get in someones inbox. Finally, be sure to use the correct file format. For example, if the business school requested a DOC, that is what you should send.

Interracial Relationships essays

Interracial Relationships essays Interracial relationships in America trace all the way back to when this country began. For many years, European settlers would usually marry Indian woman because there were not very many European women in America at that time. Even more today, there are many different types of interracial relationships. They come in many different varieties such as African-American and Caucasian, Latino and Asian, Chinese and Mexican, etcetera. Today, in our American society, there are so many different types of interracial relationships that the racial make-up of a couple could be of any combination. The facts on interracial relationships in America today are overwhelming. In a recent census taken on children who are born in America, one out of every twenty children born is a product of an interracial relationship. This means that out of every one million children born daily in America, ten thousand of them are a product of an interracial relationship. This poses a problem to people who are raciest. Usually, when a person is a raciest, they can easily find something wrong with anything and everything. After many years of hating people because of race, religion, sexuality, etcetera, it is almost impossible for that person to change. Today, however, people usually do not shout in front of large groups of people about their hatred. Usually, they only talk about their racism when they are around other people who are also racist. People who are racist usually try to be around other people who are racist. Then, they try to get people who are not racist to believe what they do. It all stems from them wanting to be accepted, and trying to find a way for others to accept them, no matter what the cost. I believe that when a person is making a decision on whether to be in an interracial relationship or not, there are several things that they must think about, as in any relationship. The main problem that can arise in an i...

History of the Internet and Inventor Tim Berners-Lee

History of the Internet and Inventor Tim Berners-Lee Before there was the public internet there was the internets forerunner ARPAnet or Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks. ARPAnet was funded by the United States military after the cold war with the aim of having a military command and control center that could withstand a nuclear attack. The point was to distribute information between geographically dispersed computers. ARPAnet created the TCP/IP communications standard, which defines data transfer on the internet today. The ARPAnet opened in 1969 and was quickly usurped by civilian computer nerds who had now found a way to share the few great computers that existed at that time. Father of the Internet Tim Berners-Lee Tim Berners-Lee was the man leading the development of the World Wide Web (with help of course), the defining of HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web pages, HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and URLs (Universal Resource Locators). All of those developments took place between 1989 and 1991. Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, England and graduated in Physics from Oxford University in 1976. He is currently the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, the group that sets technical standards for the web. Besides Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf is also named as an internet daddy. Ten years out of high school, Vinton Cerf began co-designing and co-developing the protocols and structure of what became the internet. History of HTML Vannevar Bush first proposed the basics of hypertext in 1945. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, HTML (hypertext markup language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Locators) in 1990. Tim Berners-Lee was the primary author of html, assisted by his colleagues at CERN, an international scientific organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Origin of Email Computer engineer, Ray Tomlinson invented internet-based email in late 1971.

Position paper base on a recent issue related to the constitution and Research

Position base on a recent issue related to the constitution and the executive branch - Research Paper Example d effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Dahl, 2003). It is all about privacy in the search and seizure provisions of the 4th amendment. The amendment simply provides protection against searches and seizures in criminal investigations by federal or state law enforcers that are unreasonable in nature. Any evidence obtained in a criminal investigation case in the course of search for seizure is unlawful if it cannot be of use at the court trial of the individual from whom the evidence was confiscated (Billias, 2009). In the Fourth Amendment, for an arrest or search to take place, the warrant must be approved judicially. Basically, searches must plainly be reasonable and the warrant necessity ought to have been clearly stressed and pointed out. The Fourth Amendment is only applicable to governmental searches and seizures in criminal investigations but not to the ones done by private establishments or nationals who are not acting on behalf of a government. I am in support of the Fourth Amendment due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the amendment is beneficial to citizens because it offers them protection against governmental actions that are unreasonable in nature (Harper, 2007). For instance, particular guidelines have to be met in the issuance of a warrant for it to be considered legal and must be strictly complied to protect the citizen and the law enforcer. Those who framed the constitution saw that intrusions by governmental agencies in cases involving criminal investigation encroached on the rights of the public. In previous times, it was common for officials to harass average citizens who had no means of preventing searches and seizures that were unwarranted. The 4th Amendment is of great importance as it constitutes legal representation of

Racial Discrimation in the Criminal Justice System Research Paper

Racial Discrimation in the Criminal Justice System - Research Paper Example Even though minimized to bare levels presently, America has been a class society defined by seclusion of the minorities over the centuries. While facially neutral, the criminal law in the United States is enforced in a massively and pervasively biased manner that has often left the minorities fighting for total-inclusion, and the 21 century is not any different. Surprisingly, the degree with which such discrimination permeates the criminal justice system has defied remedy and lingers on in an era of advanced civilization. No wonder, therefore, that crime and punishment formed the basis of rich and powerful manifestations of the racial divide characterized by chain-gang style penal practices and prosecutorial and judicial bigotry in the early history of the United States. While many scholars and politicians may deny a factual racial disparity statistics, the reality is in the open and only those interested would dare see the truth behind the numbers. A study by the American Bar Association (2007) – in a research - quoted one of the most concise accounts of the law enforcers attitude toward black offenders. A research participant declared: "All three of my boys smoked pot [growing up]. I knew it. But I also knew if one was caught he would never go to prison. But if any of my neighbors got caught," adding that his neighbors were black, "they would go to prison for 10, 12 years" (p.71). Although overt racial discrimination may have diminished to the bare minimum, perceptive fairness of the entire criminal justice system is still a myth in reality in the United States. Minorities remain overrepresented at all stages of the criminal justice process both as offenders and as victims. Nothing services this claim than the statistical evidence of a racially skewed justice system tilted in favor of the white population as depicted in racial

Industry analysis of UK beer industry Dissertation

Industry analysis of UK beer industry - Dissertation Example Added to this is the slowly eroding public perception of beer due to rising incidents of binge drinking among the young. Above all, the industry which hitherto had been dominated by many small and medium scale breweries and family-run community pubs appears to be undergoing consolidation, with the small businesses facing closure or acquisition by larger, more efficient beer companies and multinationals. From all indications, the beer industry appears to be undergoing a paradigm shift. The problem with this scenario is that the British pub and small breweries are widely regarded as part of British cultural heritage going back by more than a millennium. While other commercial ventures may pass into oblivion because they have ceased to be relevant or useful, what appears to be the inevitable disappearance of the community pub and local brewer is lamented by many Britons as the death of a vital part of the nation’s identity, and must not be allowed to happen. ... From all indications, the beer industry appears to be undergoing a paradigm shift. The problem with this scenario is that the British pub and small breweries are widely regarded as part of British cultural heritage going back by more than a millennium. While other commercial ventures may pass into oblivion because they have ceased to be relevant or useful, what appears to be the inevitable disappearance of the community pub and local brewer is lamented by many Britons as the death of a vital part of the nation’s identity, and must not be allowed to happen. More than its sociological significance, the traditional beer industry is a valuable contributor to the country’s coffers, its gross domestic product, and is the source of livelihood of many small business owners, their employees, and their respective households. Because of its importance, a study of the industry with the use of PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces models was conducted by this dissertation, in order to assess the external environment and internal competitive industry structure in which the traditional brewery and pub industry operates, in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research Topic For over a thousand years, beer has been a staple item in British consumption pattern and an indispensable feature in this country’s social milieu (Watson, 2010). The beer industry is a very important contributor to the UK economy since the national drink of UK is beer with a market worth of 53 billion (Pavey, 2011).The beer industry has undergone a lot of changes in UK since the early 1960s when the brewing industry had a difficult time to the globalized era which saw

2 pages single spaced. Question is too long write in here Essay

2 pages single spaced. Question is too long write in here - Essay Example Barnum was a business man at heart and he wanted to find a way to do exhibitions instead of working in the stagnant position of a grocery store. He was tired of dead end jobs and wanted something more substantial (p. 3). The people in the United States were already used to seeing exhibits and these exhibits were part of pop culture. Barnum just saw an opportunity and he went with it. Everyone loves a good story and this is one of the reasons why Barnum was so successful. As an example, the Joice Heth exhibit was a very old woman that Barnum built a story around. He gave the public an understanding of this exhibit before he actually showed it and people became so curious about the exhibit that they had to go and see it. He took over the exhibit from some other people who were selling it; Barnum saw this as his opportunity and looked for ways to market her. Capitalizing on the "fact" that she was 161 years old and a slave of George Washington, (p. 6) Barnum was able to create a mystery around her and make people want to see her. Barnum was also smart because he changed Heths story for each of the towns he visited. He elaborated the story where necessary and he seemed to be able to "read" the crowd. This may have meant that he did research ahead of time on the area (maybe through newspapers) and then went into the town and gave the presentation. Although newspapers criticized him, he kept going. As an example of his genius, when he booked the Heth exhibit, it was at a time when Manhattan, and particularly Broadway was going through a "massive expansion of commercial entertainment" (p. 3). This allowed Barnum to easily fall into American pop culture and find a place that would last him for many years. People were already used to seeing "artful deceptions" and Barnum just created more of them. Besides his exhibits, Barnum developed a pseudonym to write -- Barnaby Diddleum

Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent tries to define the concept and relevance of non-verbal communication in business settings. In particular the differences are compared and contrasted as observed using specific cultures of Japan, and the UK. Furthermore, the proponent also discussed the business etiquette and the possible consequences of not being familiar with the correct etiquette. Other variables such as power, status, or gender are also included especially on their impacts on non-verbal communication. Silence The absence of words or specific level of reaction does not mean there is something totally void or emptiness about it. Not with the Japanese culture because silence or chinmoku says more than a word. In Japan silence does not mean to be a specific level of insult or something else because it is a communicative skill (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). In this country, silence is derived from the Japanese values and it is the main reason how it is significantly viewed important today in ever y walk of life and in different circumstances. It is considered as a virtue. Compared in the western culture, silence in the midst of communication in Japan on a daily basis stands in a longer duration and this is due to two most important factors: historical and dominance of group consciousness (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). ... UK on the other hand has strong individualistic culture which emphasizes strong level that is contained within individual competition (Brown & MacBean, 2005). Thus, it would appear that people in the UK are more dynamic in their response especially in the context of achieving competitive advantage. Eye contact In the UK, eye contact signifies respect, honesty and listening (Moore & Woodrow, 2009). This means how important it is to have eye contact when one is in the midst of a conversation in the UK. However, a bit of contrast happens in Japan. Eye contact may mean an insult because Japanese show politeness by not having direct eye contact for it is associated with aggression, insensitiveness, negative boldness, and other related emotional manifestation (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2010). Gestures There are deep vocabularies associated with gestures (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2009). In Japan, pointing to objects and at people require the entire hand which at some certain reasons would mean an insult to use a finger in doing so. In the UK, this would bring out different meaning knowing the fact that hand gestures for instance are associated with culture and thus they would convey contradictory meaning across different culture (Thakur & Srivastava, 1997). In other words, specific bodily movements have varying meaning across different cultures, which at some point if not properly used will result to different level of conflicts. Business etiquette The above non-verbal communications are applicable within the business etiquette in the cultural context of Japan and UK. As stated earlier, silence is associated with Japan’s highly collectivist culture while being proactive is in line with UK’s individualist culture. Thus, in the UK an

Perceptions of Different Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perceptions of Different Cultures - Essay Example Globalization and civilization have made each community more aware of itself, its image, its reputation and its attitude towards its culture and the risk of trust or distrust in other people’s cultures. Some communicative behavior is comprehensive, others specific to a given society just as much as words that only have a much significant in a specific language. Different cultures have distinctive ways of assigning intention to common behaviors within informal verbal exchange such as the use of gaze and head –gestures (Saunders 118). Like in the Kazakhs culture they believe that the most powerful healer received the power from a tattoo that was not colored but it was a sign that she is one of the community healers while others believe tattoos are meant for beauty and body decorations. In the Kazakhs feast, Molina stares at Huston in a long unsmiling gaze to say that she was welcomed while she expected a jovial facial expression to show that she is accepted and welcomed i n the feast (Zaleski 101). The perceptions of the two cultures on the facial expressions vary in the sense that they have different concepts of the informal verbal communication. There are distinct opinions of the gender roles and cultures differ in setting the accepted roles of both females and males. More civilized cultures believe in gender equality and have the attitude that both male and female have the same capability of doing any given task. There is a clear picture of how the Kazakhs culture views the idea of gender equality... There are distinct opinions of the gender roles and cultures differ in setting the accepted roles of both females and males. More civilized cultures believe in gender equality and have the attitude that both male and female have the same capability of doing any given task. there is a clear picture of how the Kazakhs culture views the idea of gender equality and they still believe there are certain roles that should only be done by men thus they don’t approve that there can be equal states for both male and female . When the car breaks down on their way, Alina is unconcerned of what happened and says that Ivan will just think and fix the problem while on the other hand Huston has a different opinion and thinks that she can be of good help in trying to fix the problem (Zaleski 92). These acts as an important example that shows the disparity of ideas where the Kazakhs culture does not advocate nor promote gender equality and they still believe that there are separate roles for ea ch gender. It is clear that there is a vast number of spirits as it is in different cultures that believe in good and bad spirits as well as those who believe in only one supreme god. There are communities where people believe in darkness powers that bring harm and bad things to them. The cultures mostly rely on witch crafts and magicians who give them protection through charms, spiritual prayers and instructions that should be followed to stop the evil spirits that come to destroy or bring problems to them. On the other hand there are those who believe in only one god and justify that it is only the creator who can protect you. Huston and Alina seem to differ in this because Alina wants her to buy a charm that will protect his son so that

Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent tries to define the concept and relevance of non-verbal communication in business settings. In particular the differences are compared and contrasted as observed using specific cultures of Japan, and the UK. Furthermore, the proponent also discussed the business etiquette and the possible consequences of not being familiar with the correct etiquette. Other variables such as power, status, or gender are also included especially on their impacts on non-verbal communication. Silence The absence of words or specific level of reaction does not mean there is something totally void or emptiness about it. Not with the Japanese culture because silence or chinmoku says more than a word. In Japan silence does not mean to be a specific level of insult or something else because it is a communicative skill (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). In this country, silence is derived from the Japanese values and it is the main reason how it is significantly viewed important today in ever y walk of life and in different circumstances. It is considered as a virtue. Compared in the western culture, silence in the midst of communication in Japan on a daily basis stands in a longer duration and this is due to two most important factors: historical and dominance of group consciousness (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). ... UK on the other hand has strong individualistic culture which emphasizes strong level that is contained within individual competition (Brown & MacBean, 2005). Thus, it would appear that people in the UK are more dynamic in their response especially in the context of achieving competitive advantage. Eye contact In the UK, eye contact signifies respect, honesty and listening (Moore & Woodrow, 2009). This means how important it is to have eye contact when one is in the midst of a conversation in the UK. However, a bit of contrast happens in Japan. Eye contact may mean an insult because Japanese show politeness by not having direct eye contact for it is associated with aggression, insensitiveness, negative boldness, and other related emotional manifestation (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2010). Gestures There are deep vocabularies associated with gestures (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2009). In Japan, pointing to objects and at people require the entire hand which at some certain reasons would mean an insult to use a finger in doing so. In the UK, this would bring out different meaning knowing the fact that hand gestures for instance are associated with culture and thus they would convey contradictory meaning across different culture (Thakur & Srivastava, 1997). In other words, specific bodily movements have varying meaning across different cultures, which at some point if not properly used will result to different level of conflicts. Business etiquette The above non-verbal communications are applicable within the business etiquette in the cultural context of Japan and UK. As stated earlier, silence is associated with Japan’s highly collectivist culture while being proactive is in line with UK’s individualist culture. Thus, in the UK an

Radio Coverage Comparisons Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Radio Coverage Comparisons - Assignment Example II. Event Being Covered (116 words) The event being covered are the protests over the bill that would effectively shut down Wisconsin unions’ ability to collectively bargain. Protesters have been inside the capitol of Madison for over a week now, protesting the passage of the bill in the Senate. Senate â€Å"†¦Democrats have fled the state† according to WTMJ.1 WTMJ is Milwaukee’s top-visited radio station. According to a document obtained from WIBA, Madison’s radio station, â€Å"†¦if Senate Democrats refuse to return to Wisconsin and cast their votes in the next day the option to refinance a portion of the state's debt will be off the table.†2 This means that, if Democrats don’t return to the bargaining table, jobs will be cut for sure. III. Where Each Radio Story is Broadcasting From (25 words) As mentioned before, WTMJ is broadcasting from Milwaukee, while WIBA is broadcasting from Madison in Wisconsin where the protests are taki ng place in the capitol. IV. How Does Geographic Location Affect The Way Information is Being Presented? (32 words) WTMJ did not mention this document presented by Scott Walker. Since the protest is taking place in Madison, it is probably due to geographical location that the better information is at WIBA. V.

Dust Explosion Is One Of The Major Hazards Engineering Essay

Dust Explosion Is One Of The Major Hazards Engineering Essay Dust explosion must be controlled but means of necessary vent area design, Vessel strength, also following proper operational procedures and maintaining good housekeeping. Here a new bag filling plant and silo for plastic manufacturer is designed. So, as a safety advisor the vent sizing for a silo is presented to vent a dust explosion. Information required for the calculation of the vent sizing are strength of the vessel i.e. silo, explosion properties of the dust, size and shape of the vessel, the static activation pressure that is to open the venting in case of any pressure rise, condition of the dust cloud. If the dust is found to be toxic then venting should not be done if theres immediate harm to the environment. But in some unavoidable circumstances then the venting is done with an endangered area shall be specified. For that safe discharge area must be calculated to vent the dust to the atmosphere. And location of venting is chosen on the top of the silo i.e. vertical venting. This assumption made on the condition that the silo is sited in a congested area. Horizontal venting will cause harm the personnel working in the plant area. Plant Sketch Silo Air to bag filter Pneumatic Conveyor Cyclone Powder Inlet from plant Air Blower Vibrating outlets to bag filling stations Data given, Silo is of cylindrical shape. Diameter = 10m Height = 30m Vent duct length = 15 m Silo Design pressure = 0.25 barg Material stored in silo is plastic power and also includes Methylene dianiline (MDA). Here the dust is tested in and 20 litre sphere apparatus to find the maximum rate of pressure rise per unit time. The main apparatus is Sphere explosion vessel, dust dispersion system, ignition source, Pressure monitoring system and control system. This test done as per BS EN 14034-2:2006. And it is found that (dp/dt) max = 928 bar.s-1 Where (dp/dt) max Maximum rate of pressure (p) rise per unit time (t) The objectives of this design are i. To vent the deflagrating that occurs inside the vessel ii. To avoid the injury to personnel by vent discharge iii. To limit the damage of the vessel iv. To limit the damage of the nearby structures The following steps are identified for venting sizing with reference to i. Dust deflagration index Kst must be found, Kst = (dp/dt)max * V 1/3 Where (dp/dt) max Maximum rate of pressure (p) rise per unit time (t) =928 bar/s And volume of the test apparatus is 0.02m3 Kst = 928 * (0.02)1/3 bar.m.s-1 Kst = 252 bar.m.s-1 ii. Now maximum explosion overpressure occurs during dust explosion in an enclosed vessel (non-vented vessel) Pmax which is to determine the explosive characteristics of the dust. Procedure for measuring Pmax is done in 5litre apparatus and the apparatus is designed to withstand an internal overpressure of 20 bar. First required amount of dust is taken for the test. Then the dust is dispersed in the vessel at atmospheric pressure and before that the initial temperature is noted down. Then initial pressure Pi i.e. just a moment before ignition is noted. And the pressure rise recorded as a function of time. And from pressure time curve Pex is determined for the particular dust concentration. And the test is done for various dust concentration and the Pex results are plotted with various dust concentration until the maximum value of Pex is found. And that maximum value is the maximum overpressure Pmax. This Pmax and Kst plays crucial factor in determining the vent size and design for explosion protection. Here dust mixture composition is not known, so the vent size is based on highest Kst and Pmax value. The result of Pmax for various dust classes is referred from BS EN 14034-2:2006, the table is shown below Kst (bar.m.s-1) Dust explosion class Pmax (bar) 0 St 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 9 200 St 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 10 Kst > 300 St 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 12 Table 1a: Where, St 1- moderate explosible St 2 strong explosible St 3 very strongly explosible Hence from the table above Pmax is taken as 10 bar for Kst = 252 bar.m.s-1 and the dust is classified as St 2. iii. Now the vessel design pressure selection must be measured, if the enclosure vessel is designed as ASTM then Pmawp (Maximum allowable work pressure) can be calculated. Here it is given that design pressure is 0.25barg. Venting provided should be sufficient to reduce the enclosure vessel rapture due to reduced maximum overpressure, Pred,max Here Pred,max shall be chose shall not exceed two-third of the vessel strength. Venting shall be provided such that Pred,max shall not exceed the vessel strength to prevent the rapture of vessel during venting. Pred,max à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ (Pes/ DLF) Where, DLF dynamic Load factor as a result of pressure rise. In absence of detailed structural analysis, it is assumed that DLF = 1.5 the design based on weakest structural element. i.e. Pred,max à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ (2/3)(Pes) Where Pes enclosure strength in bar Hence, Pred,max = 0.166 bar iv. Vessel Height to diameter ratio, the ratio of height to diameter of the vessel must be included in determining the vent area. Increase in ratio of height to diameter increases the flame propagation inside the vessel. Hence the estimation of the ratio is given below, Veff = à Ã¢â€š ¬ r2 h Where Veff is the volume of the cylindrical vessel were flame can travel along the path. h Height of the cylinder r radius of the cylinder Veff = 3.14 * 5* 5* 30 = 2355m3 Aeff = Veff / H Where Aeff is the effective area of the cylindrical vessel Aeff = 2355 / 30 =78.5 m2 Deff = ((4*Aeff)/à Ã¢â€š ¬)1/2 Where Deff is the effective diameter of the cylindrical vessel Deff=((4*78.5)/3.14)1/2 = 10m H/D = 30/10 = 3m v. Venting cover operation, the following factors to considered for the venting cover operation such as venting opening shall be free and clear, should be obstructed by weather conditions and any dust deposits. The vent cover shall open at its static activation over pressure Pstat. And vent cover should withstand the pressure within the static activation overpressure Pstat.. Here venting cover with specific mass And Hence Pstat = 0.2 bar. Sizing of vent area, here the specific situation must be considered for the venting sizing. Here the material is transferred by pneumatic conveyor. And this is classified as Inhomogeneous dust distribution as per New findings on explosion venting by R.Siwek. For vessel length L> 10m A = 0.0011 * Kst* H *Df * [(1/Dz) (8.6 log Pred,max 6) 5.5* log Pred,max + 3.7] ( 1 +1.715 * Pred,max -1.27 * log (H/D)) Where, Df diameter of the pipeline, here its assumed as 0.1m for effective dust reduction A Vent area m2 Dz effective diameter of the cylindrical vessel Dz =( (4*v)/à Ã¢â€š ¬ ) 1/3 = (( 4*2355)/3.14)1/3 = 14 A = 0.0011 * 252 * 30 * 0.1 * [(1/14) (8.6 log 0.166 6 ) 5.5 log 0.166 + 3.7] (1 + 1.715 * 0.3 -1.27 * log 3) A = 30 m2 Effect of vent ducting, duct is normally to vent the discharge to a safe area away from the work area. But increase in duct length will increase reduced maximum explosion pressure. P red,max = -0.03267 * l*(H/D) + 0.3481 * l0.798 Where, l length of the duct (m) P red,max maximum reduced explosion pressure with vent duct P red,max = -0.03267 * 15 * (30/10) + 0.3481 * 150.798 P red,max = 1.5 bar P red,max = 0.2 *(C1 C2) * (1-(H/D)) + C1 Where C1 = P red,max * (1 + 17.3 *(A*V-0.753)1.6 * l) = 1.027 C2 = (0.0586 * l) + 1.023] * P red,max0.981 (0.01907 *l) = 0.5 P red,max = 0.8 bar And from the above equation relationship between the reduced maximum explosion pressure with vent duct and duct length can be found and also necessary increase in cylindrical vessel strength can also be estimated. Since the facility is still being designed and from the above result of with effect of vent duct it is evident that reduced maximum explosion pressure increases above the vessel design pressure. So the increase in design pressure and the vessel strength must be re-considered if vent duct is used to deflagrate the flame. Safe discharge, Maximum flame length for dust, X = Q*V1/3 Where Q 8 for vertical discharge X = 8 * (2355)1/3 X = 106.4 m Maximum flame width, W = 1.3 * (10*v)1/3 = 37m Maximum external pressure (dust) P = 0.2 * Pred,max * A0.1 * V0.18 = 0.188 bar Where P maximum external pressure A Vent area V Volume of the cylindrical vessel. 2. This bag filling facility handles plastics powder which generates dust must be examined for the explosive characteristics. For that we need to analyse the chemical compositions in it. The explosive dust decomposes generating large enormous energy. This decomposition includes oxygen in the molecule so it is not necessary that it needs air. So it is important to screen the chemical composition first, if the test indicates the presence of explosive characteristics then necessary dust explosion prevention and protection techniques must be implemented as a basis of safety. In order to prevent the dust explosion following techniques are used i. Controlling the source of ignition ii. Inerting For explosion protecting the following techniques are used i. Explosion containment ii. Explosion suppression iii. Venting DUST EXPLSION PROTECTION PREVENTION Control of ignition containment Source Suppression Inerting Venting Now the details of each technique are explained in detail below Controlling the source of ignition, dust explosion cannot occur unless theres a source of ignition. And hence a careful analysis must be done in design, operation and maintenance for the possible sources of ignition. Here are some of possible sources of ignition a. hot surface b. spark c. electrostatic spark d. heat e. friction f. flames Flames are one of the sources which can easily ignite the dust. Direct heating i.e. using of burners can be avoided in process where dust generation is possible. Welding works carried on the silo which has possible dust generation inside the vessel. So all hot works carried on silo must be allowed as per the statutory requirements. Any Internal combustion engines near the silo might take in the dust generated nearby and can cause explosion. And hence this combustion engine can be avoided or use of flameproof combustion engines. Electric power is also one of the sources of ignition. Electric spark which are produced from electrical equipment, if comes in contact with dust will result in explosion. Hence all the electrical equipment must be intrinsically safe and also ATEX 137 EU directive 95/9/EC certified equipment should be used depending upon the dust and zone classification. So this must be done during procurement stage. Once ATEX is implemented then zone classification must be done as a part of ATEX requirement by analysing the possible generation dust from the process i.e. Zone 20 dust generation is often, zone 21 dust generation likely to occur or Zone 22 dust generation not likely to occur. Dust depositing on hot surface will cause explosion depending on the temperature and geometry of the surface. In most of the cases this can be avoided by good housekeeping. And also Ignition occurs only when the surface temperature reaches the minimum ignition temperature of the dust. Static electricity is also one of the major hazards in process and chemical industries. When a charged particle comes in contact with the opposite or dissimilar object there will be transfer of charge and will results in spark. Since the powder have charged particle, when it comes in contact with dissimilar particle in transferring or free falling there will be transfer of charge which will generate spark. And the spark generated can cause ignition of the dust. Hence all the metal containers must be earthed so that the charge generated will leak away to the earth. And use non conducting materials are recommended in construction. Below diagram show difference between earthed and non-earthed conductor Figure 2a: Hazards in non-earthed conductor Friction is also one of the ways that dust cloud can be ignited. That is when hot particles come in contact with mechanical equipment by rubbing or impacting against the equipment can ignite the dust cloud. This friction ignition depends upon the maximum velocity of the hot particle impacting against the hot surface. And hence use of such mechanical equipment should be avoided. And the other possible chances of ignition of dust clouds can be through spontaneous combustion. So this type of burning occurs due to self-heating as a result of internal exothermic reaction which is followed by thermal runaway. If this heat release is unable escape will result in ignition. And also sufficient oxygen and dust concentration must be present for the thermal runaway ignition. Hence the safe way is to displace the oxygen is by inerting. Inerting is a process by sending inert substances to remove or prevent the explosive atmosphere formation. The main objective is to eliminate or to reduce the oxygen level below the lower flammability limit in order to avoid the catastrophic dust explosion, in some case combustion can also occur in very low oxygen level so in that case is safe to replace all the air with inert gases. Even sometimes explosive dust generated inside the vessel can be diluted into non explosive dust by passing certain inert dust e.g. limestone. When inerting theres chance of inert gases gets trapped inside the vessel, where personnels are accessible for confined space works, this will result in asphyxiation. Hence proper statutory rules must be followed in entry of confined space. Care should be taken when inert gases are sent into the distribution line. That is before passing the inert gases the impurities such as hazardous substance moisture etc. should be removed from the inert gases by means of filter. And flow of the inert gases must be maintained by the pressure monitoring and controlled. Flow chart for inerting process is shown below Inerting Use of inert dust as an inert medium Suitable inert gas available e.g.) N2, co2 etc Performing oxygen limiting measurement at process temperature and pressure Design dust inert system Ensure the reliability of the monitoring system Inert gas cost when compared to other safety technique, are the cost found satisfactory Consider basis of safety for design and operation And some the other available prevention techniques include installation of pressure sensor, alarm system in-case of overpressure, Automatic shutdown system in-cases of overpressure, Level indicator, correct operational procedures and Proper maintenance and inspection procedures. Explosion containment is used to withstand the explosion pressure rise and to prevent the rupture of the containment. The explosion containment usage is accepted when the release of the process materials is not acceptable. First maximum explosion pressure Pmax must be determined, since it is the crucial factor in explosion containment. Hence pressure resistant vessels are designed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure without any deformation or rupturing the vessel. And hence the stress induced by the maximum explosion overpressure should not exceed 50% of the yield strength of the weakest part. Explosion pressure shock resistant vessel is also designed to handle the maximum explosion pressure but deformation occurs to some extent. And the stress induced by the maximum explosion overpressure should not exceed 90% of the yield strength of the weakest part. Logical flow chart for explosion containment is shown below Explosion Containment Multi-volume Single volume Can explosion be contained by knowing Pmax and plant design? Are the multiple volume is mechanically isolated Is Rapture of vessel acceptable? Use pressure shock resistant vessel Use pressure resistant vessel Consider basis of safety for design and operation Cost valid when compared to other safety techniques Suppression is a technique which identifies the starting point of explosion and extinguishes the growing fire. Normally suppressor is used whenever it is difficult to discharge the pressure and flame in a safe area. Normally it takes 40 90ms for an explosion to occur when the dust gets ignited. So now the explosion detector detects the pressure rise in the vessel and it is designed to set the alarm when it reaches the reference pressure rise and activates the suppressor so that it suppresses/extinguishes the growing fire ball inside the vessel. Suppressor can also be used in parallel with venting where sufficient venting area is not achieved. And also it is to noted that explosion detector should withstand to the vibration, shock and resistant against corrosion. Below figure shown is the normal working of suppressor in the vessel. Normally suppression can be used for a vessel volume up-to 1000m3. For vessel larger than 1000m3 explosion suppression can be used and the explosion suppressor must be within the vessel volume boundary. Fig 2b: Suppressor working If a vessel is without suppressor and dust explosion occurs in a enclosed vessel then the pressure rise grow and attains destructible level which is shown below in graph (line A). If a suppressor is installed and suppressor extinguished before the explosion then the maximum pressure rise will be reduced Pred within the maximum vessel design pressure, shown below in graph (line B). In order to achieve the above it also depends upon the suppressor location, suppressor discharge rate and also number of suppressor placed in the vessel. Graph 2a: Pressure rise with suppressor and without suppressor There are many types of suppressors available such as hemispherical suppressor, High rate discharge suppressor are used. Normally high rate discharge are most widely used because for their high discharge rate to suppress the fire. In hemispherical suppressor usually liquids i.e. water is used as suppressant and can store upto 5 litres. And the initial velocity of hemispherical suppressor is 200m.s-1 and the discharge time is 10 30 ms. For high rate discharge suppressor the suppressant used can be liquid or dry powder. It can suppressant discharge time is within 10 millisecond and suppressant stored upto 40kg. And the suppressant materials used in order to supress the fire must quench the combustion. And some of the commonly used suppressants are dry powder i.e. dry chemical and water. Flameless venting is done to vent the explosions without any risk of external flame. Flameless venting device consists of flame arrestor which quenches the flame that propagates outside from the vessel. The main principle is that the arrestor reduces the fuel from flame below the ignition temperature by energy dissipation in the flame arrestor. 3. Here in this bag filling facility, use of hazardous substance involved. Hence this operation must abide to control of substance hazardous to health Regulation 2002 (As Amended) (COSHH) to control the hazards to the human health. Here in this bag filling facility there is use of plastic powder which get filled and packed. In this plastic power has an additive known as Methylene dianiline. This plastic powder is a thermoplastic intended for use in injection of moulding machine. This methylene dianiline is a carcinogen which causes cancer when it is inhaled by the people engaged in bag filling operation. So it is necessary to conduct control of substance hazardous to health risk assessment. And to evaluate the allowable exposure limits and the necessary measure to be taken while handing the hazardous materials. Main steps to be followed to prevent the health hazards and to comply with COSHH are as follows i. Determine the risk ii. Control measure implementation iii. Control the exposure iv. Continual improvement and practice of the control measure implemented v. Monitoring the exposure level with the control measures vi. Providing health monitoring check up vii. Prepare Emergency plan and conduct emergency mock drill viii. Providing training and necessary information to the employees Substances or chemicals that are hazardous to personnel health will come under COSHH. Here methylene dianiline is used which is identified as a potential carcinogen and hence the operation should comply with COSHH to control the health hazards and improve the operation. Determine the hazard The first step is to identify the hazard whether the substance used in the process causes health hazard to employee engaged in work. Here it is identified that Methylene Dianiline is a potential carcinogen. So operators engaged for bag filling, sealing and engaged in cleaning activities are at risk if exposed. So first we need to find the possible exposure points. From analysing the operation involved in bag filling facility. The possible release/exposure points are identified below, i. filling arms in bag filling station building it vibrates to prevent clogging ii. Opening the valve fast will cause sudden release of pressure. iii. Bag sealing possible dust generation since the bag is left opened iv. Cleaning the spilled dust near filling area v. Pneumatic conveyor possible leak point will cause dust discharge Here it is identified that possibility of the substance route to affect operator health is through inhalation when released in air. And hazards of methylene dianiline and its chemical properties are taken from CHIP classification, Now CHIP regulation gradually replaced by European CLP. And the hazard classification is taken from European regulation EC No 1271/2008 on Classification labelling and Packing (CLP) from Table 3.2 part3 of Annexure I to directive 67/548/EEC Index No International Chemical Identification Ec No CAS no Classification Labelling Concentration Limit 612-051-00-1 4,4Methylenedianiline 202-974-4 101-77-9 Crac Cat 2;R 45 Mutta.Cat,3; R 68 T; R39/23/24/25 Xn; R48/20/21/22 R43 N; R51-53 T;N R:45-39/23/24/25-43-48/20/21/22-68-51/53 S:53-45-61 Table 3a Classification is taken from European regulation EC No 1271/2008 on Classification labelling and Packing (CLP) from Table 3.1 part3 of Annexure VI to directive 67/548/EEC Index No International Chemical Identification EC No CAS no Classification Labelling Hazardous Class and Category codes Hazardous Statement Codes Pictogram signal word code Hazardous Statement Codes Suppl. Hazardous Statement Codes 612-051-00-1 4,4Methylenedianiline 202-974-4 101-77-9 Carc 1B Muta 2 STOT SE 1 STOT RE 2 Skin sens 1 Aquatic Chronic 2 H350 H341 H370 ** H373 ** H317 H411 GHS08 GHS07 GHS09 Dgr H350 H341 H370 ** H373 ** H317 H411 Table 3b: Where R Risk phase and H Hazard , Classification of levels of danger i.e. harmful, toxic, very toxic as per CHIP regulation. Here MDA is classified as potential carcinogen R 45 Cancer causing substance. Deciding proper safe guarding measure Since here the plant is in designing stage so the possible release/exposure points, population exposed to the hazardous substance and route of entry are identified and necessary control measure are indentified below to implement from the designing stage. So COSHH essential uses out of the risk assessment information it chooses one of the methods for control measure shown below, Figure 3a: The factors used in identifying appropriate controls measure are in below figure, Figure 3b: So the following steps are followed in identifying adequate control measure as mentioned in COSHH essentials: Easy steps to control chemicals i. Group the hazards identified ii. Grouping the physical properties of the amount used iii. Asses the anticipated exposure iv. Now combine step 1 to 3 to form a generic assessment Grouping the hazard, hazards are classified between A to E by R-Phase given in CHIP and H-Phase given in CLP. Below the table shows the classification of hazard group. In the below table units, mg/m3 milligrams per cubic meter and ppm parts per million. From below table methylene dialine classified under group E dust. Table 3c: Now to determine the predictive exposure we must first classify the hazardous substance physical properties. Here in bag filling operation, hazardous substance is in dust form, since the plastic powders are granule will generate dust. So as per COSHH essential they have presented a table for identifying the determinants of the hazardous substance. That is the factor for deciding the physical properties for solid are dustiness and for the liquid is the volatility. And based upon the below shown table here methylene dianiline is identified as fine solid and light power and the corresponding determinant is identified as high. Table 3d: And after identifying the determinant and amount used as per COSHH essential has identified four band of exposure potential and the table is shown below, Table 3e: Here in bag filling and packing operation the main product is plastic powder which contains methylene dianiline as an additive. So the quantities used which assumed to be in tonnes, the main aim of this plant is packing plastic powder. And the exposure predictor band here it is identified as EP 4. sNow to decide which the control approach is adequate enough to control the situation of health hazard has to be identified from the range given which is used in COSHH essential. And table is shown below Table 3f: And based upon the above control approval table and exposure predictor table COSHH essential formed a table relating exposure predictor to control approach. And the table is shown below. Table 3g: In-order to choose the type of control measure recommended we have to relate the target airborne exposure to the exposure predictor band .Hence for this bag filling facility type-4 control is recommended because the concentration level of the dust is unknown. Sample COSHH Risk assessment Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 What are the hazard What will harm and who? What are you doing Improvements needed Who When Check Breathing in dust from filling station Since the dust contains MDA might cause cancer and irritates the respiratory system Dust mask Get cab and filtered air supply Conveyor to silo, to filling station Nobody Dust Extraction Check for leaks weekly Bagging plastic powder Charge handed Storage and dispatch Forklift driver Dust mask Get cab and filtered air supply Cleaning the plastic powder dust spill Charge hand Brushing Vacuum hose to dust extraction Changing dust filter Charge hand Use of P3 respirator Contract out this work Also: Action Taken Action needed Examination Test COSHH Supervision Instruction and training Emergency Plan Health Surveillance Monitoring Review Date Recommendations Here to reduce the possible exposures to hazardous substance below are the following recommendations, i. Minimizing the generation of plastic dust such as designing conveying system in such a way to reduce the impact with hard surface to reduce the dust generation i.e. use of long sweep elbows. ii. Minimising the release of plastic dust such as keep silo in good conditions i.e. avoid crack, proper maintenance etc., maintain the transfer equipment in good seal condition to avoid leaks. iii. Plastic dust can be captured and contained. iv. Create awareness among the employee about the hazards associated in handling hazardous substance and use of MSDS. v. Regular health surveillance must be conducted to employee exposed to risk. vi. Use of proper respiratory PPEs while handling with plastic powder. As per COSHH essential it is identified suitable PPEs for the selected group hazard. Table is shown below and it is identified as Assigned protection factor 200. This APF is in reference with BS 4275 Table 3h 4. Project Description The new bag filling line and silo is being constructed for a plastic manufacturer which is located in congested area which means the silo is located in between the nearby structures and objects but the whole plant is located in plain and partly terrain area. This facility involves transfer of plastic powder from the plant to silo for storage so that it can used to store plastic powder prior to the bagging and distribution. Here in the silo there is possible release of dust into the atmosphere due to overpressure or overfilling. Since the dust generated inside the silo is vented to atmosphere so it must meet to the current environment legislation in order to avoid air pollution. From Silo the plastic powder is sent to bag filling station. The bag filling station comprises a building in which there are four bag filling stations. Hence an environmental impact aspect must be undertaken before the commencement stage . Plant Sketch Silo Air to bag f

United Airline’s Employees Pension Plans Essays -- Economy Economics E

United Airline’s Employees Pension Plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An event in the headlines today that will require human resource involvement is United Airline’s decision to most likely terminate all of its employees pension plans due to bankruptcy and turn them over to the PBGC or Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. The PBGC is a federal agency that insures traditional pensions in case companies go â€Å"belly up†. Basically what this amounts to is that United Airlines worker’s retirement plans could be cut by up to 75 percent. The decision to end the pension plans by United Airlines is stated as â€Å"creating the biggest default in U.S. history and forcing a possible bailout† (The Christian Science Monitor, Alexandra Marks).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This issue is not exclusive to United Airlines workers but to any employee who works for a company suffering from financial troubles. If United goes through with ending the pension plans, it is feared that the other airlines currently suffering financial troubles will soon follow suit. Because of globalization and competition from low-wage companies that do not offer company paid pension plans, the responsibility for retirement security may shift from the airlines to the individual workers to take care of. Advice from Brad Belt, executive director of the PBGC is that â€Å"It’s incumbent on individuals to be well informed, prudent about their investments, and to save accordingly.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Union members are angry because United Airlines went behind their backs and reached...

Animal Testing Essay -- Animal Testing

Animal Testing Animal testing is the running of tests and the research done in a laboratory on animals. Some of the tests are done to benefit human lives and other tests are done to determine side effects of a certain household or cosmetic products. It is a topic that has been up for debate for many years not only in the United States, but all around the world. While some support the advances that come from the research others oppose the cruelty that the media projects to society. No matter what one’s opinion of the subject is, it is still something that our society and culture deals with. There have been many progresses in the medical field and cures for a variety of different diseases found by testing vaccines and other treatments on laboratory animals. Scientists have been working for several years to try and discover a cure for the AIDS virus. According to Nowak, hopes for a vaccine to totally cure the virus are fading, however doctors have began to focus on a vaccine that would slow the progressions of AIDS. Diabetes is another disease that has benefited from the testing of animals. â€Å"Researchers who tested more then 50,000 natural and synthetic substances say they have found a fungus compound that acts like insulin, raising the possibility that diabetics in the future may take pills instead of shots†(Recer). As far as breast cancer is concerned, researchers for the government say that they have bred a strain of mice that identified what gene causes breast cancer in women (Waldholz). Another very important discovery in the medical fiel d is that â€Å"results of laboratory studies over the past year are providing new clues about how to prevent liver damage and giving researchers hope that they... ...er again and constantly ending up with the same results. In conclusion, animal testing is a subject that will continue to be argued about for years to come. There are two very distinct sides to the debate, it is either acceptable or it isn’t. Animal testing is a very beneficial process when used to discover cures in the medical field but should not be used just to simply test a new brand of cosmetics of household products. There have been several advancements made so far and more cures will be discovered as time goes on and more products are tested. The medical field has advanced so much due to the discoveries made from testing out new vaccines and medicines. They don’t have a cure for cancer today, but who knows, in ten years from now there might be a way to save loved one’s lives because of research and procedures that are being performed today.

Democracy in America

The Formation of American Identity Morgan Hersha IAH 201 Professor Emily Conroy-Krutz February 21, 2013 Americans pride themselves on their nation and its achievements, but most of all, their freedom. â€Å"Nothing is more wonderful than the art of being free, but nothing is harder to learn how to use than freedom. † It is a blessing to live under such a great constitution and we as citizens should be knowledgeable about where, when, and how it all it began. People are who they are because of the experiences that they have been through throughout their life.This is the same case for America. The United States has formed its identity through experiences, both good and bad. After a long history of both conflict and peace, the United States formed as a union influenced both by European cultures and Native American culture. It all started when Christopher Columbus set sail and him along with the Europeans colonized to America. The Europeans brought their culture and ideas with the m. We Americans just like any culture like to pass on our traditions to the generations to come.The things that I have learned in this class have tied into things today, or at least their origin. The shared history and culture that was developed is still evolving today. During the colonial and revolutionary periods of American history, Native Americans, wars, and European culture all impacted what it meant to be American, and its identity. Native Americans contributed to American identity tremendously. Early American settlers developed many skills that they learned from the Native Americans such as agriculture, language, and even governmental structure.Without the Native Americans it would have been difficult for colonists to be successful and survive. The colonists played a role like a tourist, and the Native Americans acted as guides. Native Americans depended on trade, and they shared this strategy with the colonists. Europeans would send things such as fur in return for things s uch as guns and salt. The French trading company was set up. It was thought the Native Americans receive civilization and Christianity, while the Europeans receive labor and land.This was obviously extremely unfair and the colonists were highly upset over this. The colonists were practically raised by the Native Americans, but once they were able to stand on their own two feet, they took a stand to the Native Americans due to their frustration. During the colonial times of America, multiple wars took place in order to get rid, or displace the Native Americans. During this time the Native Americans were treated horribly. It was their homeland and it was being taken from them, and some were even taken in as slaves.The colonists started to build on the Connecticut River Valley, but the only thing stopping them was the Pequots. At this time is when the colonists and Native Americans decide to unite against the Pequots, starting the Pequot War in 1637. The English set fire to a fort, whi ch burned down the whole thing leaving about 5 survivors. The English believe that their easy victory meant that God was on their side. The English wanted to adopt the women and children and bring them into their own tribes and convert them into Christianity. The Wampanoag Indians did not want to live by the moral code of the Puritans.Massasoit was chief of the Wampanoag, he then died and Wamsuette took over which is when things began to fall apart. The sudden death of Wamsuetta was believed to be the cause the King Phillips war in 1975-1976, said to be the bloodiest war in history. During this war 5,000 Native people did, and Phillip retreated home. Many people argue over the justification of taking the land of the Native America. â€Å"It was a solemn sight to see so many Christians lying in their blood, some here and some there, like a company of sheep torn by wolves. Some say that the colonists came there to express their religion and gain wealth, while others see the colonists as cruel and unfair people. Today Native Americans, or Indians, have been given reservations, or land in order to repay them for what had been taken from them. There is much controversy on what else the Indians receive, but the United States is putting in some effort to justify what they had done. What is warfare? According to Webster’s Dictionary, warfare is the process of military struggle between two nations or groups of nations. Warfare is a part of just about every nation’s history.What influenced the American Revolution? There were a series of events that impacted the way Americans thought and gave them courage to rebel. The Haitian Revolution put thoughts in the Americans head to become free when the slaves rebelled and took Haiti from the French. By 1770’s about 1/5 of the British Empire was made up of Americans. The Sugar Act and Stamp Act were both two occurrences that made the colonists extremely angry, and after mass rioting the act was repealed. Br itain came up with the Townshend Act, which placed import on glass, paint, paper, lead and tea.To enforce the act the British would use blank search warrants and search any building for any reason. The colonists became very upset and scared. As a result of this there were many outbreaks, which led up to the Boston Massacre. With many civilians being killed during the Boston Massacre, this is when the people start to realize that Americans need to be independent. The Americans start to make homespun clothes and homemade food and tea, which starts to bring patriotism, which makes it easy to put together a military.The French come to aid of the Americans by providing cash to help defeat the British. The American Revolution had major impacts. Examples of these impacts include things such as independent states with a centralized government, decentralized colonies to independent states with a central government, formation of a constitution, and separation of church and state, and the rest riction of slavery. This American Revolution plays a very crucial role in who we are as Americans today. The last major impact on American identity is the influence that the British had on the Americans.The United States continues to be dependent on the British for culture and other things showing that America as a nation still followed Britain. Manufacturing has not yet been developed so the Americans are still depending on England to get their goods. America starts to take off when Jedidah Mose, a minister from Connecticut, creates an American geography for classroom use. The Europeans eventually do not have local knowledge about America and start asking for information. Goods start being carried on American ships, which is a symbolic change as a new point in history of the US. America is a land of wonders, in which everything is in constant motion and every change seems an improvement. † The point when Americans are seen as free and equal is when the Empress of China, the f irst US ship to go to China, sets sail. On that same day a ship leaves from New York to go to London, to pronounce peace terms. These actions are not being done by the government, but by merchants, although the people see it as a national action. Americans can now enjoy buying things on their own terms. Americans continue to judge themselves as British, and the English do not respect them.Americans are very eager to always read British reports that are talking about America, and they are very sensitive to this. Americans need to cut ties with British if they want to have their own identity. Between the dates 1810-1830 America shifts between being dependent on the British, and being independent. Native Americans, warfare, and European culture have all been major factors that formed the American identity, and who we are today. Some of our values and trends may have changed throughout the years, but we still hold onto the roots of our culture.It is a blessing to live with freedom, and sometimes people take that for granted. Today, we are just born into the US and we are granted these freedoms, but in the colonial times, they had to fight for it. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Tocqueville, Alexis D. Democracy in America. N. p. : Penguin Group, 2003. Print. [ 2 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"American Empires, Colonies. † Lecture. Michigan State University. January 10, 2013. [ 3 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"American Empires, Colonies. † Lecture. Michigan State University.January 10, 2013. [ 4 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"Indian Wars and Captivity. † Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 5 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"Indian Wars and Captivity. † Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 6 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"Indian Wars and Captivity. † Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 7 ]. Rowlandson, Mary. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God. N. p. : n. p. , 1682. Print. [ 8 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"French Revolution. † Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 9 ]. Krutz, E.Conroy. â€Å"French Revolution. † Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 10 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"Tourism, Commerce, and American Identity. †Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 11 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"Tourism, Commerce, and American Identity. †Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013. [ 12 ]. Tocqueville, Alexis D. Democracy in America. N. p. : Penguin Group, 2003. Print. [ 13 ]. Krutz, E. Conroy. â€Å"Tourism, Commerce, and American Identity. †Lecture. Michigan State University. January 15, 2013.